nginx介绍和几种安装方法
介绍
Nginx（engine x），2002 年开发，分为社区版和商业版（nginx plus）
nginx是免费的、开源的、高性能的 HTTP 和反向代理服务器、邮件代理服务器、以及 TCP/UDP 代理服务器。
官网地址：https://nginx.org/
功能介绍
- 静态的web资源服务器 html、图片、js、css、txt 等静态资源
- http/https协议的反向代理
- 结合FastCGI/uWSGI/SCGI等协议反向代理动态资源请求
- tcp/udp协议的请求转发（反向代理）
- imap4/pop4协议的反向代理
架构和进程
架构
进程
nginx是多进程组织模式，而且是一个由 Master 主进程和 Worker 工作进程组成。
主进程（master process）的功能：
- 对外接口：接收外部的操作（信号）
- 对内转发：根据外部的操作的不同，通过信号管理 Worker
- 监控：监控 worker 进程的运行状态，worker 进程异常终止后，自动重启 worker 进程
- 读取nginx配置文件并验证其有效性和正确性
- 建立、绑定和关闭socket连接
- 按照配置生成、管理和结束工作进程
- 接受外界指令，比如重启、升级及退出服务器等指令
- 不中断服务，实现平滑升级，重启服务并应用新的配置
- 开启日志文件，获取文件描述符
- 不中断服务，实现平滑升级，升级失败进行回滚处理
- 编译和处理perl脚本
工作进程（Worker Process）的功能：
- 所有 worker 进程都是平等的
- 实际处理：网络请求，由 worker 进程处理
- worker 进程数量：一般设置为核心数，充分利用 CPU 资源，同时避免进程数量过多，导致进程竞争
- CPU 资源，增加上下文切换的损耗
- 接受处理客户的请求
- 将请求依次送入各个功能模块进行处理
- I/O调用，获取响应数据
- 与后端服务器通信，接收后端服务的处理结果
- 缓存数据，访问缓存索引，查询和调用缓存数据
- 发送请求结果，响应客户的请求
- 接收主程序指令，比如重启、升级和退出等
nginx启动
模块介绍
nginx有多种模块：
核心模块：是Nginx服务器正常运行必不可少的模块，提供错误日志记录、配置文件解析、事件驱
动机制、进程管理等核心功能
标准HTTP模块：提供HTTP协议解析相关的功能，比如：端口配置、网页编码设置、HTTP响应头设置等
可行HTTP模块：主要用于扩展标准的HTTP功能，让Nginx能处理一些特殊的服务，比如：Flash多媒体传输、解析 GeoIP 请求、网络传输压缩、安全协议 SSL 支持等
邮件服务模块：主要用于支持Nginx的邮件服务，包括对 POP3 协议、IMAP 协议和 SMTP 协议的支持
Stream服务模块：实现反向代理功能，包括 TCP 协议代理
第三方模块：是为了扩展 Nginx 服务器应用，完成开发者自定义功能，比如：json 支持、Lua 支持等
Nginx 高度模块化，但其模块早期不支持 DSO 机制；1.9.11 版本支持动态装载和卸载。
安装
本地安装
1、配置本地仓库
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/ [root@localhost yum.repos.d]# vim bendi.repo [root@localhost yum.repos.d]# cat bendi.repo [BaseOS] name=base baseurl=/mnt/BaseOS gpgcheck=0 [APPStream] name=appstream baseurl=/mnt/AppStream gpgcheck=0
2、安装 nginx
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# cd [root@localhost ~]# dnf -y install nginx
3、删除本地安装nginx
[root@localhost ~]# dnf -y remove nginx Updating Subscription Management repositories. Unable to read consumer identity This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register. Repository os is listed more than once in the configuration Repository app is listed more than once in the configuration Dependencies resolved. ============================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ============================================================================= Removing: nginx x86_64 2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx @nginx-mainline 3.4 M Transaction Summary ============================================================================= Remove 1 Package Freed space: 3.4 M Running transaction check Transaction check succeeded. Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded. Running transaction Preparing : 1/1 Running scriptlet: nginx-2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 1/1 Erasing : nginx-2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 1/1 Running scriptlet: nginx-2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : nginx-2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 1/1 Installed products updated. Removed: nginx-2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 Complete!
官方安装
1、进入官网首页：www.nginx.org
2、单击 install 链接进入以下界面
3、单击 packages 链接
4、单击 RHEL and derivatives 链接
5、按照该页面提示配置仓库
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/nginx.repo [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/nginx.repo [nginx-stable] name=nginx stable repo baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/centos/$releasever/$basearch/ gpgcheck=1 enabled=1 gpgkey=https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key module_hotfixes=true [nginx-mainline] name=nginx mainline repo baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/mainline/centos/$releasever/$basearch/ gpgcheck=1 enabled=0 gpgkey=https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key module_hotfixes=true
6、安装nginx
[root@localhost ~]# dnf -y install nginx Updating Subscription Management repositories. Unable to read consumer identity This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register. Repository os is listed more than once in the configuration Repository app is listed more than once in the configuration nginx stable repo 6.7 kB/s | 3.0 kB 00:00 Dependencies resolved. ============================================================================= Package Architecture Version Repository Size ============================================================================= Installing: nginx x86_64 2:1.26.3-1.el9.ngx nginx-stable 997 k Transaction Summary ============================================================================= Install 1 Package Total download size: 997 k Installed size: 3.3 M Downloading Packages: nginx-1.26.3-1.el9.ngx.x86_64.rpm 120 kB/s | 997 kB 00:08 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 120 kB/s | 997 kB 00:08 Running transaction check Transaction check succeeded. Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded. Running transaction Preparing : 1/1 Running scriptlet: nginx-2:1.26.3-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 1/1 Installing : nginx-2:1.26.3-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 1/1 Running scriptlet: nginx-2:1.26.3-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 1/1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Thanks for using nginx! Please find the official documentation for nginx here: * https://nginx.org/en/docs/ Please subscribe to nginx-announce mailing list to get the most important news about nginx: * https://nginx.org/en/support.html Commercial subscriptions for nginx are available on: * https://nginx.com/products/ ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Verifying : nginx-2:1.26.3-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 1/1 Installed products updated. Installed: nginx-2:1.26.3-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 Complete!
a.注意：默认安装的是 stable 版本，接下来是安装 mainline 版本，先删除之前安装的 stable 版本
[root@localhost ~]# dnf -y remove install Updating Subscription Management repositories. Unable to read consumer identity This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register. Repository os is listed more than once in the configuration Repository app is listed more than once in the configuration No match for argument: install No packages marked for removal. Dependencies resolved. Nothing to do. Complete!
b.启用 mainline 版本
[root@localhost ~]# dnf config-manager --enable nginx-mainline Updating Subscription Management repositories. Unable to read consumer identity This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register. Repository os is listed more than once in the configuration Repository app is listed more than once in the configuration
c.安装 mainline 版本
[root@localhost ~]# dnf install nginx Updating Subscription Management repositories. Unable to read consumer identity This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register. Repository os is listed more than once in the configuration Repository app is listed more than once in the configuration nginx stable repo 6.4 kB/s | 3.0 kB 00:00 nginx mainline repo 4.6 kB/s | 3.0 kB 00:00 Package nginx-2:1.26.3-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 is already installed. Dependencies resolved. ============================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ============================================================================= Upgrading: nginx x86_64 2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx nginx-mainline 1.0 M Transaction Summary ============================================================================= Upgrade 1 Package Total download size: 1.0 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: nginx-1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64.rpm 304 kB/s | 1.0 MB 00:03 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 304 kB/s | 1.0 MB 00:03 Running transaction check Transaction check succeeded. Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded. Running transaction Preparing : 1/1 Running scriptlet: nginx-2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 1/2 Upgrading : nginx-2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 1/2 Running scriptlet: nginx-2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 1/2 Running scriptlet: nginx-2:1.26.3-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 2/2 Cleanup : nginx-2:1.26.3-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 2/2 Running scriptlet: nginx-2:1.26.3-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 2/2 Verifying : nginx-2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 1/2 Verifying : nginx-2:1.26.3-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 2/2 Installed products updated. Upgraded: nginx-2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 Complete!
d.安装完成之后查看
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa | grep nginx nginx-1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64
源码安装
[root@localhost ~]# git clone https://github.com/nginx/nginx.git Cloning into 'nginx'... remote: Enumerating objects: 70209, done. remote: Counting objects: 100% (135/135), done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (86/86), done. [root@localhost ~]# cd nginx/ [root@localhost nginx]# ll total 40 drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 4096 Oct 9 17:23 auto -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5215 Oct 9 17:23 CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 168 Oct 9 17:23 conf drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 72 Oct 9 17:23 contrib -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4049 Oct 9 17:23 CONTRIBUTING.md drwxr-xr-x. 8 root root 94 Oct 9 17:23 docs -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1319 Oct 9 17:23 LICENSE drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 39 Oct 9 17:23 misc -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 14220 Oct 9 17:23 README.md -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 787 Oct 9 17:23 SECURITY.md drwxr-xr-x. 9 root root 91 Oct 9 17:23 src #如果出现以下提示： auto/configure: error: the HTTP rewrite module requires the PCRE library. You can either disable the module by using --without-http_rewrite_module option, or install the PCRE library into the system, or build the PCRE library statically from the source with nginx by using --with-pcre= option. #安装： [root@localhost nginx]# dnf install pcre-devel Updating Subscription Management repositories. Unable to read consumer identity This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register. Last metadata expiration check: 0:26:49 ago on Wed 09 Oct 2024 05:11:09 PM CST. Dependencies resolved. =========================================================================== ============================= Package Architecture Version Repository Size =========================================================================== ============================= Installing: pcre-devel x86_64 8.44-3.el9.3 baseos2 511 k Installing dependencies: pcre-cpp x86_64 8.44-3.el9.3 baseos2 28 kpcre-utf16 x86_64 8.44-3.el9.3 baseos2 188 kpcre-utf32 x86_64 8.44-3.el9.3 baseos2 178 kTransaction Summary =========================================================================== ============================= Install 4 Packages Total size: 905 k Installed size: 2.6 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running transaction check Transaction check succeeded. Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded. Running transaction Preparing : 1/1 Installing : pcre-utf32-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64 1/4 Installing : pcre-utf16-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64 2/4 Installing : pcre-cpp-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64 3/4 Installing : pcre-devel-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64 4/4 Running scriptlet: pcre-devel-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64 4/4 Verifying : pcre-cpp-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64 1/4 Verifying : pcre-devel-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64 2/4 Verifying : pcre-utf16-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64 3/4 Verifying : pcre-utf32-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64 4/4 Installed products updated. Installed: pcre-cpp-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64 pcre-devel-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64 pcreutf16-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64 pcre-utf32-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64 Complete! #如果出现以下提示： auto/configure: error: the HTTP gzip module requires the zlib library. You can either disable the module by using --without-http_gzip_module option, or install the zlib library into the system, or build the zlib library statically from the source with nginx by using --with-zlib= option. #安装： [root@localhost nginx]# dnf install zlib-devel Updating Subscription Management repositories. Unable to read consumer identity This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register. Last metadata expiration check: 0:29:09 ago on Wed 09 Oct 2024 05:11:09 PM CST. Dependencies resolved. =========================================================================== ============================= Package Architecture Version Repository Size =========================================================================== ============================= Installing: zlib-devel x86_64 1.2.11-40.el9 baseos2 47 k Transaction Summary =========================================================================== ============================= Install 1 Package Total size: 47 k Installed size: 138 k Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running transaction check Transaction check succeeded. Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded. Running transaction Preparing : 1/1 Installing : zlib-devel-1.2.11-40.el9.x86_64 1/1 Running scriptlet: zlib-devel-1.2.11-40.el9.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : zlib-devel-1.2.11-40.el9.x86_64 1/1 Installed products updated. Installed: zlib-devel-1.2.11-40.el9.x86_64 Complete! #出现以下提示，表示 configure 成功 creating objs/Makefile Configuration summary + using system PCRE library + OpenSSL library is not used + using system zlib library nginx path prefix: "/usr/local/nginx" nginx binary file: "/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx" nginx modules path: "/usr/local/nginx/modules" nginx configuration prefix: "/usr/local/nginx/conf" nginx configuration file: "/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf" nginx pid file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid" nginx error log file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/error.log" nginx http access log file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/access.log" nginx http client request body temporary files: "client_body_temp" nginx http proxy temporary files: "proxy_temp" nginx http fastcgi temporary files: "fastcgi_temp" nginx http uwsgi temporary files: "uwsgi_temp" nginx http scgi temporary files: "scgi_temp" #执行 make 指令 [root@localhost nginx]# make #出现以下提示，表示 make 完成 objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_upstream_zone_module.o \ objs/ngx_modules.o \ -lcrypt -lpcre -lz \ -Wl,-E sed -e "s|%%PREFIX%%|/usr/local/nginx|" \ -e "s|%%PID_PATH%%|/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid|" \ -e "s|%%CONF_PATH%%|/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf|" \ -e "s|%%ERROR_LOG_PATH%%|/usr/local/nginx/logs/error.log|" \ objs/nginx.8 make[1]: Leaving directory '/root/nginx'
开始安装：
[root@localhost nginx]# make install 出现以下提示，说明安装成功 test -d '/usr/local/nginx/logs' \ || mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx/logs' test -d '/usr/local/nginx/html' \ || cp -R docs/html '/usr/local/nginx' test -d '/usr/local/nginx/logs' \ || mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx/logs' make[1]: Leaving directory '/root/nginx' #启动服务 [root@localhost nginx]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx #查看服务 [root@localhost nginx]# netstat -lntup Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:631 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1196/cupsd tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1207/sshd: /usr/sbi tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 42424/nginx: master tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1/systemd tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6010 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2241/sshd: root@pts tcp6 0 0 ::1:6010 :::* LISTEN 2241/sshd: root@pts tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 1207/sshd: /usr/sbi tcp6 0 0 ::1:631 :::* LISTEN 1196/cupsd tcp6 0 0 :::111 :::* LISTEN 1/systemd udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:5353 0.0.0.0:* 986/avahi-daemon: r udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:* 1/systemd udp 0 0 127.0.0.1:323 0.0.0.0:* 1011/chronyd udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:41410 0.0.0.0:* 986/avahi-daemon: r udp6 0 0 :::5353 :::* 986/avahi-daemon: r udp6 0 0 :::111 :::* 1/systemd udp6 0 0 ::1:323 :::* 1011/chronyd udp6 0 0 :::33739 :::* 986/avahi-daemon: r [root@localhost nginx]# ps -ef | grep nginx root 42401 1 0 17:47 ? 00:00:00 gpg-agent --homedir /var/cache/PackageKit/9.3/metadata/nginx-stable-9-x86_64.tmp/gpgdir --usestandard-socket --daemon root 42403 42401 0 17:47 ? 00:00:00 scdaemon --multi-server --homedir /var/cache/PackageKit/9.3/metadata/nginx-stable-9- x86_64.tmp/gpgdir root 42415 1 0 17:47 ? 00:00:00 gpg-agent --homedir /var/cache/PackageKit/9.3/metadata/nginx-mainline-9-x86_64.tmp/gpgdir -- use-standard-socket --daemon root 42417 42415 0 17:47 ? 00:00:00 scdaemon --multi-server --homedir /var/cache/PackageKit/9.3/metadata/nginx-mainline-9- x86_64.tmp/gpgdir root 42424 1 0 17:47 ? 00:00:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx nobody 42425 42424 0 17:47 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process root 42429 2252 0 17:47 pts/0 00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx
注意：源码安装适合对 Nginx 功能有定制需求的用户。通过源码编译，可以选择特定的版本和模块进行安装，但过程相对复杂，需要手动处理依赖关系。如果选择源码编译安装，需要确保系统中安装了必要的编译工具和依赖库，如 gcc、make、openssl、pcre、zlib等。
免责声明：我们致力于保护作者版权，注重分享，被刊用文章因无法核实真实出处，未能及时与作者取得联系，或有版权异议的，请联系管理员，我们会立即处理! 部分文章是来自自研大数据AI进行生成,内容摘自(百度百科,百度知道,头条百科,中国民法典,刑法,牛津词典,新华词典,汉语词典,国家院校,科普平台)等数据,内容仅供学习参考,不准确地方联系删除处理! 图片声明：本站部分配图来自人工智能系统AI生成,觅知网授权图片,PxHere摄影无版权图库和百度，360，搜狗等多加搜索引擎自动关键词搜索配图，如有侵权的图片，请第一时间联系我们。
